Suppose that an atom has two energy levels separated by an energy difference ?E. When such atoms are in thermal contact with a reservoir at temperature T, there is roughly 1 atom in the higher state for every 4 in the lower state. What is the approximate ratio of ?E to kBT?
A. 
B. 4
C. ln 4
D. ?ln 4
E. e?1/4
F. e?4
T. Other (specify)
C. ln 4
You might also like to view...
We now know of polar caps on Mercury, the Moon, Earth, and Mars
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
The Doppler effect applies to sound waves but not to electromagnetic waves
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
A Doppler weather radar operates at a frequency of 3.40 GHz. The wave from this radar system reflects from an approaching weather system moving with a speed of 39.0 m/s. What is the difference in frequency between the outgoing and returning waves?
A) 442 Hz B) 351 Hz C) 419 Hz D) 322 Hz E) 670 Hz
A horizontal wire of length 3.0 m carries a current of 6.0 A and is oriented so that the current direction is 50° S of W. The Earth's magnetic field is due north at this point and has a strength of 0.14 × 10^?4 T. What is the direction of the force on the wire?
a. out of the Earth's surface b. toward the Earth's surface c. due east d. 40° S of E