As a mother nurses her infant, she gently strokes the side of his head. Over time, gently stroking the side of his head, in the absence of nursing, causes him to calm down when upset. In this case, the stroking of the side of his head in the absence of nursing is the:
A. unconditioned stimulus.
B. unconditioned response.
C. conditioned stimulus.
D. conditioned response.
Answer: C
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The original formulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis was based on ____
a. Freud's theories about aggression b. social learning theory c. behaviorist theories about aggression d. evolutionary theories about aggression
When one treatment condition has a lasting effect on individuals and influences their scores in future treatments, the study is confounded by ____
a. history b. instrumentation c. carry-over effects d. progressive error
A "hidden observer" is
A) a person, out of sight of the hypnotist, who monitors the process to make sure the hypnotist does not violate ethical standards. B) a part of the mind of the hypnotized person that remains separate. C) a friend or family member who observes the hypnosis to protect the hypnotized person. D) a form of hypnotic suggestion, where subjects are told to imagine someone is constantly watching them.
Recent research has shown that three-year-olds often operate according to a "false belief.". That is, they believe that
a. others always have more knowledge of an event than they themselves do. b. others may have different knowledge about an event than they themselves do. c. others have the same knowledge about an event that they themselves do. d. others have no knowledge of an event; only they themselves do.