Describe gender schema theory, and explain how it affects individual differences in children's gender-typed views
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: Gender schema theory is an information-processing approach to gender typing that combines social learning and cognitive-developmental features. It explains how environmental pressures and children's cognition work together to shape gender-role development. Young children pick up gender-stereotyped preferences and behaviors from others. At the same time, they organize their experiences into gender schemas, or masculine and feminine categories, that they use to interpret their world. As soon as children can label their own gender, they select gender schemas consistent with it and apply those categories to themselves. For example, a boy who is gender-schematic will ask himself, "Should boys play with dolls?" If he answers "yes" and the toy interests him, he will approach it, explore it, and learn more about it. If he answer "no," he will respond by avoiding the "gender-inappropriate" toy. But if the boy is gender-aschematic, he simply asks himself, "Do I like this toy?" and responds on the basis of his interests.
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Tia, who is pregnant with her fourth child, recently separated from her husband. She is currently taking care of three children under the age of 7, working two part-time jobs, and is experiencing significant financial hardship. What are the risks of chronic stress on the developing fetus? What can Tia do to minimize the risk of stress on pregnancy?
What will be an ideal response?
Which of the following statements regarding violence in schools is not true?
a. Problems involving poverty, racial segregation, and illegal drug activity very likely spill over from the neighborhood and into the school in suburban communities. b. School violence in urban communities typically involves specific grievances held by the perpetrators against particular individuals. c. In suburban schools, the violence seems more like the kind of "rampage" shootings by adults that occur in workplaces or in other public locations. d. In rural schools, shootings typically resemble those in suburban communities more than those in urban communities.
Which of the following is an imaging technique that results in a
computer-generated image of brain activity and is based on glucose consumption in the brain? a. computed tomographic scan (CT scan). b. electroencephalography (EEG). c. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). d. positron emission tomography (PET).
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which of the following statements is true of the postconventional level?
A. It is a period during which reasoning is based on the person's own moral standards. B. It is charcterized by a respect for authority and duty. C. It is the period during which rules are preceived as the untimate reality. D. It is charcterized by an orientation toward obedience and punishment.