The etiology of infertility in females may be related to: (Select all that apply.)
a. blocked passages through the cervix
b. narrow cervix
c. blocked flow through the fallopian tubes
d. immune problems with development of antibodies to male's sperm
e. regular menstrual periods
f. hypersecretion of estrogen
A, B, C, D, F
The etiology of infertility may be related to anatomic or endocrine problems. The female anatomic or structural abnormalities may include blocked passages through the cervix or fallopian tubes caused by failed development or by past infections, such as PID, or STIs. Uterine and cervical abnormalities may also occur. The cervix may be too narrow or closed, and sperm are unable to navigate through the passage. The uterus may have a partial or complete septum inside that limits the internal cavity space. Immune problems involve the development of antibodies by the woman's system to the male's sperm. These antibodies may be present in the cervical mucus and kill the sperm on contact. Hyposecretion or hypersecretion of FSH, LH, estrogen, or progesterone have been associated with infertility.
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