Changes in the gastrointestinal system during pregnancy include:
a. Increased saliva production
b. Increased peristalsis
c. Decreased resistance of maternal tissue to insulin
d. Constriction of the cardiac sphincter of the stomach
ANS: A
During pregnancy, increased estrogen causes ptyalism (increased saliva production); peristalsis decreases due to increased progesterone; insulin resistance develops; and the cardiac sphincter relaxes, which permits reflux of gastric contents and heartburn.
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