The external costs of cigarettes are related to the health problem smoking produces for both smokers and nonsmokers. One estimate places these costs at 29 cents per pack. Presently, sales and excise taxes on cigarettes average about 37 cents per pack. These estimates suggest that (i) cigarette consumption is below the optimal or efficient quantity; (ii) cigarette taxes should be reduced
a. i and ii
b. i but not ii
c. ii but not i
d. neither i nor ii
a
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Refer to the figure below. In response to gradually falling inflation, this economy will eventually move from its short-run equilibrium to its long-run equilibrium. Graphically, this would be seen as 
A. long-run aggregate supply shifting leftward B. Short-run aggregate supply shifting upward C. Short-run aggregate supply shifting downward D. Aggregate demand shifting leftward
Members of the Federal Reserve System's Board of Governors
A) are elected for life. B) hold 14-year staggered terms. C) are a special subcommittee of the Senate. D) are elected at large by district banks.
Borrowers benefit and lenders lose when the
A) actual interest rate is less than the expected real interest rate. B) actual interest rate is greater than the expected real interest rate. C) actual interest rate is equal to the expected real interest rate. D) actual inflation rate is less than the expected inflation rate.
If the economy is at full employment, then an increase in government spending:
A. would simply crowd out private spending. B. would have too large an impact on real growth. C. would cause deflation, which would increase unemployment. D. is the right fiscal policy response.