Nurses who care for term or preterm newborns should be observant for signs of pain. Which sign(s) would be indicative of neonatal pain? (Select all that apply.)
a. Increased oxygen saturation
b. Increased heart rate and respiratory rate
c. Decreased movement of extremities
d. Facial grimaces
e. Increased state of arousal
f. Decreased crying
ANS: B, D, E
Increased heart rate and respiratory rate, facial grimaces, increased state of arousal, and crying and tightly closed eyes are indicators of possible neonatal pain.
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