Which of the following best describes “fluidity” in judicial decision making?
a. Because Supreme Court justices receive so many petitions for review each year, they must look for readily identifiable characteristics that trigger a positive response as they decide whether to grant certiorari.
b. Justices want to influence the judgments of their colleagues and to be on the winning side as often as possible.
c. Justices view cases primarily in terms of the broad political and socioeconomic issues they raise and they generally respond to these issues in accordance with their personal values and ideological preferences.
d. A good deal of interaction takes place among the justices from the time a case is first discussed in conference to the moment the final decision is rendered.
d. A good deal of interaction takes place among the justices from the time a case is first discussed in conference to the moment the final decision is rendered.
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Why is instrumentation a potential threat to validity in a time-series design?
A) When participants take the same measures over and over again, they tend to get "better" at them. B) When people initiate new approaches or programs, there also may be accompanying changes in the way records are made and kept. C) The more times something is measured, the less reliable it is. D) When a study is carried out over a long period of time, participants tend to drop out or leave.
Purchase-of-service contracts are often awarded:
a. Through hardball negotiations. b. By a bidding contest. c. Through the courts. d. By a governmental agency.
Conflicts concerning federalism arose when the U.S. Constitution was first ratified because
a. Federalists wanted to take all power from the states. b. Antifederalists believed that the states were too powerful. c. Federalists wanted to give cities the same power as states. d. Antifederalists feared that adoption of the Constitution might lead to the end of state self-rule.
Public opinion __________.
A. has greater force in authoritarian governments than in democracies B. has greater force in democracies than in authoritarian governments C. influences foreign policy decisions but is not influenced by them D. has more effect on foreign policy than on domestic policy in democracies