An adult patient who experiences angina pectoris with exertion is informed by the nurse that the leading cause of angina is what?
A) Smoking
B) Inadequate cardiac output
C) Infarction of the myocardium
D) Coronary atherosclerosis
D
Feedback:
The person with atherosclerosis has a classic supply-and-demand problem. The heart may function without a problem until increases in activity or other stresses place a demand on it to beat faster or harder. Normally, the heart would stimulate the vessels to deliver more blood when this occurs, but the narrowed vessels are not able to respond and cannot supply the blood needed by the working heart. The heart muscle then becomes hypoxic. This imbalance between oxygen supply and demand is manifested as pain, or angina pectoris, which literally means "suffocation of the chest." Atherosclerosis of the coronary artery can block the coronary artery completely leading to infarction. Smoking causes further vasoconstriction, increasing risk of myocardial infarction or angina. Damage to the heart muscle causes a decrease in cardiac output.
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The nurse uses a diagram to show that tetralogy of Fallot involves a combination of which four congenital defects?
a. Aortic stenosis, atrial septal defect, overriding aorta, left ventricular hypertrophy b. Pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy c. Aortic stenosis, atrial septal defect, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy d. Pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, aortic hypertrophy, left ventricular hypertrophy
A distribution in which the peak of the data is not at the center but has a longer tail to the left indicates that the mean is less than the median and mode and the data are
a. normal b. negatively skewed c. positively skewed d. abnormal
When performing a head-to-toe assessment, the nurse should begin by assessing the patient's:
a. support system. b. skin integrity. c. pain level. d. neurological status.
After which phase of a clinical trial may a manufacturer apply for FDA approval?
A. I B. II C. III D. IV