Describe the history and evolution of the juvenile justice system in the Western world, and list the six categories of children recognized by the laws of most states
What will be an ideal response?
In past centuries, children who committed crimes could expect no preferential treatment because of their youth. There was little distinction between delinquency and criminality. Early American solutions were strongly influenced by churches and the Ten Commandments. By the end of the eighteenth century, when the Enlightenment occurred, people started to revisit the role of children in society. America changed dramatically in the early nineteenth century, and many children were victimized and abandoned. These changes pressured government officials to consider how best to help children in society. Most of the pressure to change came from the childsavers movement. This movement created the reform school for children. As the needs of children were more broadly recognized, states began to adopt legislation requiring separate hearings for juveniles. In 1899, the Illinois juvenile law was passed, creating a juvenile system separate from the adult system and serving as a model throughout the nation.
In most jurisdictions, children subject to juvenile court jurisdiction are categorized as follows:
• Delinquent (those who violate the criminal law)
• Undisciplined (those said to be beyond parental control)
• Dependent (those without parents or a guardian to care for them)
• Neglected (those not receiving proper care from their parents or guardian)
• Abused (those who suffered physical abuse at the hands of their custodian)
• Status offenders (those who violated laws written only for children)
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Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1.There is nothing that divides filmgoers more than a remake of a much-loved “classic.” 2.The violation of the domestic space have since become the theme of countless crime and horror movies. 3.An immediate and obvious difference between the Taking of Pelham films from 1974 film and the 2009 version is the cultural attitudes toward “minorities” and the use of language to express intolerance. 4.The original film was a very 1970s production, containing casual misogyny. 5.Some prison documentaries are simply voyeuristic and pander to stereotypes.
Why is the task of criminological theory construction so demanding? How do we know if a theory is any good?
What will be an ideal response?
You are a professor talking to a law student who is reviewing different methods used in the United States by people who wish to receive an attorney. You tell her that there are three primary methods used in the United States to provide indigents with attorneys-the assigned counsel system, the contract system, and the public defender system. The assigned counsel system appoints attorneys from a list of available private attorneys in a given jurisdiction. It is used in half of the counties in the United States, but serves less than one-third of the population. Contract systems, in contrast, involve bidding by private attorneys to represent all indigents during the term of a contract for a fixed price. Contract systems are found in counties with populations of less than 50,000 and where
there is an absolute budgetary limit on defense services for indigent defendants. The third type of system-the public defender system-uses attorneys who are employed by private or by government organizations for the purpose of representing indigent defendants. You then ask her to think about the reasons each method might be used-what particular situation could be best suited to each method? Why? What will be an ideal response?