Which of the following patterns of markers is a normal immune response after recovery from a hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection?
a. Negative hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg); negative hepatitis B core anti-body (anti-HBcAb); and negative hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBsAb)
b. Positive HBsAg; negative anti-HBcAb; and negative anti-HBsAb
c. Positive HBsAg; positive HBeAg (hepati-tis Be antigen); and negative anti-HBsAb
d. Negative HBsAg; positive anti-HBcAb; and positive anti-HBsAb
D
HBsAg is the most reliable marker for the identification of an HBV infection. The antigen be-comes evident in the patient's serum weeks before any biochemical evidence associated with liver damage is observed. (Biochemical liver assays may show only minimal elevation.) HBsAg remains in the serum during the acute and chronic stages of HBV. The presence of HBsAg 6 months after acute infection indicates that the patient is a chronic carrier. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) anti-HBcAb to hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) appears early in the course of disease during the acute infection. Anti-HBsAg indicates the patient is in convalescence and has devel-oped immunity. Finally, the presence of the extracellular form of HBcAg (HBeAg) indicates high infectivity and a chronic carrier state.
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Sarcoptes scabiei
A. transmit bacterial disease. B. are responsible for scabies. C. infect the blood. D. are transmitted by mosquitoes.
Answer the following statements true (T) or false (F)
1. Although not well understood, the Cambrian Explosion most likely occurred due to changes in sea level and continental drift. 2. The first bilateral animal emerged during the Ordovician Period. Fossils of this organism were discovered in South Africa. 3. The eukaryotic genome is comprised entirely of genes derived from Archean ancestors. 4. Molecular homologies indicate that living species evolved from a common ancestor or interrelated group of common ancestors.
What is the difference between a benign and a malignant tumor?
A) Benign tumors are composed of cancer cells; malignant tumors are not. B) Benign tumors are not the result of a failure of a cell cycle control system; malignant tumors are. C) Benign tumors do not metastasize; malignant tumors do. D) Benign tumors do not form lumps; malignant tumors do form lumps.
Intracellular granules of organic or inorganic material that are stockpiled by bacteria for future use are called ________.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).