Discuss cause-effect relations in regard to survey or existing statistical methods
What will be an ideal response?
One needs to demonstrate time order, and control for alternative explanations by measuring any variables that might indicate an alternative explanation. Using control variables and logically arguing that alternatives are unlikely, a researcher can say that
an association among variables supports a causal relationship and is not spurious.
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Which of the following statements about the political attitudes of Democrats is false?
a. Democrats are less likely to support big business than Republicans. b. Democrats are less likely to favor an assertive national security policy than Republicans. c. Democrats are more likely to support the regulation of business for consumer protection than Republicans. d. Democrats are much less likely to support government programs to help the poor than Republicans.
Which of the following was NOT a factor that led to the Shah's fall from power?
a. An economic crisis consisting of a rise in consumer prices and a decline in oil prices b. A military coup c. Soldiers deserting from Iran's armed forces d. International pressure from human rights organizations e. Massive general strikes that brought the country's economy to a halt
The positive-law constitutional tradition would best be exemplified by a constitution with
a. detailed provisions and procedures. b. basic and enduring principles that reach beyond statutory law. c. an amendment process that makes it difficult to change the constitution. d. a bill of rights and few other provisions.
A set of beliefs about what should be taken for granted and what needs to be investigated, about what sorts of forces are most important in the world, and about what assumptions should begin the analysis is called a _____
a. paradigm b. level of analysis c. theory d. postulate