Berkowitz and Le Page (1967) purposely angered the participants. Then they were left in a room with either a gun lying around or a badminton racket Later, the participants were given the chance to administer electric shocks (not really) to a fellow college student. What was the independent variable of this research?
a. degree of shocks given to the student
b. participants' level of testosterone
c. getting insulted by a confederate
d. type of object in the room
Answer: D
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