Which of the following contributes to the spinal control of walking?
A. Afferent input from muscle spindles and GTOs
B. Adaptable networks of interneurons that modulate lower motor neuron firing patterns
C. Reciprocal signals crossing the dorsal columns and commissure of the spinal cord
D. All of the above
ANS: D
Rationale: Stepping pattern generators (SPGs) contribute the spinal control of walking. SPGs are adaptable networks of interneurons that receive input from muscle spindles and GTOs and modulate lower motor neuron firing. The cycles of left and right SPGs are coordinated by signals that cross in the anterior commissure, so that the right lower limb hip and knee flex while the left hip and knee extend.
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