The patient asks why she has been having urinary tract infections (UTIs) more frequently since becoming pregnant. The nurse explains that which of the following factor(s) predispose(s) the pregnant patient to UTIs? (Select all that apply.)
a. Compression of the ureters
b. Decreased urine flow to the bladder
c. Increased surface area of the bladder
d. Relaxation of the bladder muscle
e. Glycosuria favoring bacterial growth
f. Increased thirst
ANS: A, B, D, E
Urinary tract infections are relatively common in pregnant women. The anatomic and hormonal changes of pregnancy put the woman at increased risk for the development of a urinary tract infection. The following predispose the pregnant woman to UTIs: anatomic changes such as uterine compression of ureters, decreased urine flow to bladder, and urinary stasis; glycosuria favoring bacterial growth; progesterone relaxing the bladder muscle, causing delayed emptying and urinary stasis.
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