During the termination stage
a. a STOP codon enters the ribosome.
b. release factors bind the ribosome.
c. mRNA detaches from the ribosome and the
polypeptide chain.
d. ribosomal subunits separate.
e. all of these occur.
Answer: e
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Canadian and Swiss researchers wanted to know if the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was important to the productivity of grasslands (M.G.A. van der Heijden, J. N. Klironomos, M. Ursic, P. Moutoglis, R. Streitwolf-Engel, T. Boler, A. Wiemken, and I. R. Sanders. 1998. Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396:69-72). Specifically, they wanted to know if it mattered which specific AMF species were present, or just that some type of AMF was present. They grew various plants in combination with one of four AMF species (A, B, C, & D), no AMF species (O), or all four AMF species together (A+B+C+D); and they measured plant growth under each set of conditions. All plant species were grown in each plot, so they always competed with each other with the only difference being which AMF species were present. On the graphs below, the x-axis labels indicate the number and identity of AMF species (bar 0 = no fungi; bars A-D = individual AMF species; bar A+B+C+D = all AMF species together). The y-axis indicates the amount (grams) of plant biomass for the species shown in italics above each graph. Graph (e) is the total biomass (grams) of all 11 plant species combined; graph (f) is the biomass of Bromus erectus plants only, separated from the total. What is the major difference between Bromus erectus (graph f) and the other plant species (graphs a-d) included in the study? A) Bromus erectus grows best with a diversity of fungal partners. B) Bromus erectus is unaffected by AMF diversity. C) Bromus erectus does not form mycorrhizal associations. D) Bromus erectus produces very little biomass regardless of AMF.
Which of the following best describes the hydrophilic component of cholesterol?
A. a hydroxyl group only B. a phosphate group only C. a phosphate group and a chemical group called choline D. a group of four planar rings and a hydroxyl group E. a single hydrocarbon tail
The use of phylogeny to determine evolutionary relationships has practical applications in ____
a. preserving extinct species b. tracking infectious disease c. tracking migration patterns d. raising livestock e. managing invasive species
If a person is treated with a single anti-HIV drug, they often end up with a resistant strain. How does this occur?
a. The drugs weaken the immune system, making a patient more susceptible to infection with resistant strains of HIV b. The drug causes mutations in the HIV, making them resistant to the drug c. The drugs kill all sensitive viruses, leaving only the pre-existing resistant viruses d. The HIV wants to avoid the drug, so it becomes resistant