Which of the following equations for determining clearance is correct?
A) clearance = plasma concentration / (urine concentration × urine flow rate)
B) clearance = (plasma concentration × urine flow rate) / urine concentration
C) clearance = (urine concentration × urine flow rate) / plasma concentration
D) clearance = urine concentration (plasma concentration × urine flow rate)\
E) clearance = GRF × urine concentration
Answer: C) clearance = (urine concentration × urine flow rate) / plasma concentration
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An adipose (fat) cell responds to the presence of the hormone epinephrine by increasing cytosolic cyclic AMP production, which leads to the catabolism of both glycogen and fat. What is the most likely explanation for this phenomenon?
A. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activates two kinds of enzymes. B. Cyclic AMP directly activates enzymes that catabolize glycogen and fat. C. Epinephrine is binding to two types of receptors in the plasma membrane. D. The activated receptor complex stimulates production of two different second messengers.
Diagnostic tests done on a patient show that many coronary arteries, including the left main coronary artery are severely narrowed. Which of the following is the best course of action to treat this patient?
A. Angioplasty B. Angiogram C. Electrocardiogram D. Coronary bypass surgery E. Urokinase injections
Where is the swallowing center located?
A. The oropharynx B. The enteric nervous system C. The mouth D. The brainstem E. The esophagus
Which type of lymphatic vessel is largest?
A. Capillary B. Duct C. Trunk D. Collecting vessel E. Terminal lymphatics