Compare and contrast Sutherland's differential association theory and Akers' differential association-reinforcement theory
What will be an ideal response?
Sutherland's differential association theory emphasized that criminal behavior is learned the way all behavior is learned.
The crucial factors are with whom a person associates, for how long, how frequently, how personally meaningful the associations, and how early they occur in the person's development. The messages, not the contacts themselves, are crucial.
In order for the person to be influenced toward delinquent behavior, the deviant messages or values from the "bad companions" must outweigh conventional ones.
Differential association-reinforcement theory posits that people learn to commit deviant acts through interpersonal interactions with their social environment.
The continuation of behavior will depend greatly on the frequency and personal significance of social reinforcement, which comes from association with others.
The role played by social and nonsocial reinforcement is crucial.
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Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1. Surveys are used to gather information in a systematic fashion by using questionnaires. 2. Criminal surveys are specifically designed to record an estimate of claimed victimizations by a representative sample of the population. 3. The “dark figure of crime” refers specifically to the body of organized crime syndicates that operate in the United States. 4. Victim surveys are conducted on a representative sample of the general public to measure the rate and circumstances of victimization. 5. Self-report measures attempt to provide an alternative to official statistics in measuring the extent of crime in a society.
International police data show that the delinquency rate of male juvenile offenders is more than ___ that of juvenile females.
A. quadruple B. triple C. double D. 5 times
Every incorporated municipality in the United States has the authority to create a police force
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
In a criminal case, a preponderance of the evidence is sometimes enough to convict
a. True b. False Indicate whether the statement is true or false