When we are concerned that because of media coverage of violence in schools that research participants' ideas and attitudes about the topic of gun control have changed between the time we first measured them and the second time we measured them after the treatment was administered, we are dealing with the threat to internal validity known as

a. selection bias.
b. history.
c. maturation.
d. testing effect.
e. mortality.


B

Sociology

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Sociology

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Sociology