What are the two distinct styles of early language learning? What accounts for a toddler’s language style?
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: Young children have distinct styles of early language learning. Most toddlers use a referential style; their vocabularies consist mainly of words that refer to objects. A smaller number of toddlers use an expressive style; compared to referential children, they produce many more social formulas and pronouns. Referential children think words are for naming things, while expressive-style children believe words are for talking about people’s feelings and needs. The vocabularies of referential-style toddlers grow faster because all languages contain many more object labels than social phrases. Rapidly developing referential-style children often have an especially active interest in exploring objects. They also eagerly imitate their parents’ frequent naming of objects. Expressive-style children tend to be highly sociable, and their parents more often use verbal routines that support social relationships. The two language styles are also linked to culture.
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The mass murder/suicide of the cult at Jonestown and the brainwashing techniques used by the Communist Chinese on prisoners during the Korean War are examples of the use of
a. group compliance. b. the lowball technique. c. the door-in-the-face effect. d. coercion.
Within a synaptic gap, monoamines are deactivated in the synaptic gap by a. reuptake
b. diffusion. c. enzymes. d. enzymes and reuptake.
Gender stereotype may illustrate
a. the principle of contiguity. b. the principle of similarity. c. sequential thinking. d. prägnanz.
Adopted children
A) have trouble developing feelings of trust and love toward their adoptive parents. B) tend to have more learning and emotional difficulties than other children. C) are more like their adoptive parents than their biological parents in intelligence and personality. D) fare less well than children who return to their biological mothers.