Papachristos and Kirk (2006) assert that social disorganization theory ______.
a. is only applicable to gangs, not other kinds of criminal activity
b. offers two complementary hypotheses as to how social disorganization breeds gang activity
c. offers two competing hypotheses as to how social disorganization breeds gang activity
d. isn’t applicable to gangs
b. offers two complementary hypotheses as to how social disorganization breeds gang activity
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