Karen smokes two packs of cigarettes a day. However, she is aware that smoking is harmful to her health; therefore, she holds two conflicting or dissonant thoughts. If Karen were to reduce her cognitive dissonance by reducing the amount of her perceived choice, she might say to herself,
a. "Smoking really is not that dangerous.".
b. "Smoking is a habit that I have little control over.".
c. "I think that I'll try to give smoking up.".
d. "I'll only smoke when I feel stressed out.".
B
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When prolonged stress leads to high levels of the hormone cortisol, what is a likely result?
a. Increased appetite b. Fever and sleepiness c. Sleep apnea d. Confusion and inattentiveness
When is the matching law most applicable?
a. ?When one is creating a fixed ratio schedule b. ?When one must choose between classical or operant conditioning c. ?When one is forced to choose a form of punishment, both of which are unpleasant d. ?When one is exposed to at least two schedules of reinforcement
One thing that reinforcement and punishment have in common is that both
a. produce positive transfer. b. act as generalized rewards for learning. c. are less effective if they are delayed. d. are necessary for biofeedback training to be effective.
In Kohut's view, the neonate, strictly speaking, has:
a. no self b. a fully developed self c. an actualized self d. a sense of self that is usually incapable of modification