Identify three factors that seem to underlie therapeutic approaches to stress, regardless of any specific theoretical orientation
What will be an ideal response?
First, all healers—regardless of whether they are medical doctors, psychologists, or
others—provide social support, a close human relationship characterized by warmth,
expressions of concern, a shoulder to cry on, and someone to talk to. Earlier, we
discussed the benefits to health and longevity of having social contacts. In
psychological therapy, studies have shown that the better the "working alliance" is
between a therapist and client, the more favorable the outcome is likely to be (Horvath
& Luborsky, 1993). Second, all therapies offer a ray of hope to people who are sick,
demoralized, unhappy, or in pain. In all aspects of life, people are motivated by upbeat,
positive expectations. Although some of us are more optimistic than others, optimism is
a specific expectation that can be increased or decreased in certain situations (Armor
& Taylor, 1998). Indeed, a common aspect of all treatments is that they communicate
and instill positive expectations. It has been suggested that high expectations can spark
change even when they are not justified (Prioleau et al., 1983). This suggestion is
consistent with the well-known placebo effect in medicine, whereby patients improve
after being given an inactive drug or treatment. Believing can help make it so, which is
how faith healers, shamans, and witch doctors all over the world have managed to
perform "miracle cures" with elaborate rituals. A third important ingredient is choice.
Allowing patients to make meaningful choices, such as deciding on a type of treatment,
increases the effectiveness of treatments for alcoholism (Miller, 1985) and obesity
(Mendon & Bream, 1983). Choosing to undergo an effortful or costly treatment is
particularly beneficial in this regard. The person who voluntarily pays in time, money, or
discomfort needs to self-justify that investment—a predicament sure to arouse
cognitive dissonance.
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Regarding the experience of sound, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Sound waves travel slower than light waves. b. The amplitude of sound waves determines their perceived loudness and is measured in decibels. c. Humans hear by sensing sound waves that result from changes in molecular vibration. d. Pitch is the perception of how high or low a sound seems, which corresponds to
the frequency of the soundwave's vibration. e. Women's voices are usually higher than men's because their vocal cords are longer and tend to vibrate more slowly than men's.
Damage to Wernicke’s area typically leads to an inability to ____
a. ?recognize faces b. ?perceive visual stimuli c. ?understand spoken language d. ?regulate emotional behavior
According to Rogers, unshakable love and approval given without qualification is known as
a. conditions of worth. b. self-actualization. c. overindulgence. d. unconditional positive regard.
Jed feels tired all day long and can't focus very well at work. At a sleep institute, he is told that he actually stops breathing many hundreds of times throughout the night. Jed has
A. sleep apnea. B. narcolepsy. C. REM behavior disorder. D. SIDS.