Fred has chronic emphysema. Blood tests show that his pH is low but almost normal but his bicarbonate levels are elevated significantly. How can this be? What would urinalysis show?
Emphysema limits alveolar ventilation, leading to increased carbon dioxide in Fred's body. Since Fred's condition is chronic (long term) his body has compensated for the excess carbonic acid (the result of hypercapnia due to poor ventilation) by increasing the amount of bicarbonate to match the elevated level of hydrogen ion. This compensation for respiratory acidosis was accomplished by the kidney's secretion of hydrogen ion both in the PCT and DCT and the retention of bicarbonate from the elevated carbonic acid. Urinalysis would indicate a very low pH and high levels of ammonia, produced by the distal tubule to absorb the secreted hydrogen ion.
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A. Coronary ligament B. Intraperitoneal ligament C. Hepatic ligament D. Falciform ligament E. Mesentery proper
The testes lie within the __________.
A) urinary bladder B) erectile tissue C) scrotum D) prostate gland E) ejaculatory duct
The largest sesamoid bone in the body is found
A. in the vicinity of the knee. B. in the foot. C. in the hand. D. All sesamoid bones are approximately the same size.
Fred's blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean?
A) There are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma. B) He can only receive blood from a donor who is AB positive. C) Antibodies to A and B are present in the red cells. D) His blood lacks Rh factor.