The nurse studies the association of lead poisoning with residence in a home that was built before 1970. Which needs to be established to show an association between these two variables?
A) A statistical relationship between lead poisoning and residence in a home built before 1970
B) That the presence or absence of residence in a home built before 1970 determines the presence or absence, respectively, of lead poisoning
C) A relative risk of 1
D) A p value > 0.1
Ans: A
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An association is a statistical relationship between two or more events, characteristics, or other variables. Causality is the relationship between two variables in which the presence or absence of one variable (the "cause") determines the presence or absence of the other (the "effect"). A relative risk not significantly different from 1 (statistically) indicates that there is no association between the exposure and the risk of disease. A p value > 0.1 indicates a lack of statistical relationship.
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