Phosphatases are a family of enzymes that specifically remove phosphate groups from proteins that were added by protein kinases. Vanadate is an inhibitor of phosphatases in eukaryotic cells
What effect would vanadate have on the response of cells to signals
received by receptor kinases?
A. The response of the cell would last longer
than it normally would.
B. The response of the cell would be shorter
than it normally would.
C. The signal would still bind the receptor, so
there would be no effect.
A
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Misexpression of the Pax6 gene was shown to promote eye development in both vertebrates and invertebrates. The authors of this study suggested that this was evidence that eyes evolved only once. What other evidence contradicts this view?
Pax6 is a transcription factor noted for its unique role in specifying eye development across the animal kingdom. A homologous gene known as eyeless specifies eyes in Drosophila, and misexpression of mouse Pax6 can cause ectopic eyes in flies! This creates a quandary -- how can we explain the universality of the master regulatory gene for eye development, with the striking variability of eye anatomy in different phyla? A. Invertebrates normally have only simple eyespots. B. Many different transcription factors can initiate eye development when misexpressed. C. While the anatomy of all animal eyes is the same, lens proteins vary greatly. D. The anatomical structure of insect, mollusk, and vertebrate eyes are quite different. Clarify Question What is the key concept addressed by the question? What type of thinking is required? Gather Content What do you already know about eyes? What other information is related to the question? Choose Answer Given what you now know, what information is most likely to produce the correct answer? Reflect on Process Did your problem-solving process lead you to the correct answer? If not, where did the process break down or lead you astray? How can you revise your approach to produce a more desirable result?
Zygospores are used to resist harsh conditions.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)
Birds and crocodiles share a more recent common ancestor than either group shares with lizards or mammals. Lizards and crocodiles have a common ancestor also shared by birds. Which of the following statements about the relationships among these organisms is most accurate?
a. Birds and crocodiles are a monophyletic group. b. Lizards and crocodiles do NOT compose a monophyletic group. c. Birds, crocodiles, and lizards taken together compose a monophyletic group. d. Birds, crocodiles, lizards, and mammals taken together also compose a monophyletic group. e. All of the above.
The theory of natural selection states that
A) random assortment of genes results in better physical characteristics in the following generations. B) individuals that mutate in response to changes in their environment will contribute the most genes to the next generation. C) only the largest and strongest individuals survive. D) all individuals live to reproduce in each generation. E) the most well-adapted individuals in their environments survive and reproduce, contributing the most genes to the next generation.