Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1. Criminologists used theoretical paradigms to explain why crime occurs.
2. Scholars in the first portion of the 20th century did research to determine whether individuals with a mesomorphic body type were more prone to criminal behavior.
3. Criminologists used theoretical paradigms to explain why crime occurs.
4. In his Essays on Crime and Punishments, Beccaria lamented the shift away from spiritualism and the belief that criminals are possessed by the devil and must be punished severely to save their immortal souls.
5. One of the principles of classical criminology is that the criminal justice system should be predictable--the citizens know the laws and their punishments.
1. True
2. True
3. True
4. False
5. True
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Reasonable force is force that an objective police officer realizes will place the subject in direct threat of serious injury or death.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)
The ____________, who provided important services to loyal constituents, asked for votes and a free hand to become wealthy in politics in return for those services
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word
What two qualities should every variable possess?
a. meaning and value b. exhaustive and thorough c. exhaustive and mutually exclusive d. operational definition and meaning
The Midtown Community Court grew out of which of the following problems?
a. that punishment as a consequence did not change behavior in the desired direction b. that there were often no consequences of any sort for committing quality-of-life offenses c. that offenders were not punished severely enough for their wrongdoing d. that offenders were punished too severely for their wrongdoing