Define and provide examples of the three type of bargaining that take place in negotiated pleas
What will be an ideal response?
1.Charge bargaining. Prosecutors file charges less serious than the facts justify in exchange for defendants' guilty pleas. For example, a defendant who has committed first-degree murder carrying a mandatory life term might plead guilty to second-degree murder with a term of 20 years to life. The plea to second-degree murder gives the judge discretion to sentence the defendant to less than life imprisonment.
2.Count bargaining. Prosecutors drop some of the charges (counts) against the defendant in exchange for a guilty plea. For example, a defendant is charged with five robberies; the prosecutor drops two of them in exchange for the defendant's guilty plea.
3.Sentence bargaining (pleading guilty "on the nose"). Defendants plead guilty to charges actually justified by the facts in the case but with the understanding that the judge will grant (or at least the prosecutor will request) a lenient sentence, such as probation instead of jail time for writing a bad check
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Which of the following are questions at the core of criminal punishment and sentencing?
a. Why society inflicts punishment b. Which punishments are acceptable in a civil society c. Which punishments are permissible for which crime d. All of the above
What is the weapon focus effect?
a. Perpetrators prefer using weapons for criminal activities. b. Witnesses tend to focus on the presence of a weapon and therefore forget other important details. c. Investigators mostly focus on weapons when looking for evidence. d. If a weapon was used in a crime it is easier for investigators to figure out who the perpetrator was.
Cognitive theory holds that the human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes developed early in childhood
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
Which of the following refers to the reassurance of the subjects and an explanation of the purposes of the research upon completion of a study?
a. Plants b. Spies c. Confederates d. Facilitators