Landslides due to the melting of permafrost ____
a. ?are shallow and only affect a few meters as the thawed layer slides off the remaining permafrost
b. ?create rotational slumps as deeper thawed areas loosen the connection of permafrost to the supporting layers
c. ?are extensive and damaging, where lakes and streams warm the ground
d. ?create large translational slumps as unthawed permafrost slides over subsurface meltwater
e. ?can be avoided if vegetation maintains a deep snow cover
ANSWER: a
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