Which of the following are true statements regarding the disadvantages of observational methods? (Select all that apply.)
a. They may increase subject reactivity.
b. When a single interrater is used and observations are opposite, there is no way to resolve the conflict, since each is equally correct.
c. They may be used for both quantitative and qualitative research.
d. They are more subjective than other types of measurements.
e. They allow real-time capture of data.
f. They are invariably subject to skepticism unless verified in some manner.
ANS: A, D, F
Observational measurement is the use of unstructured and structured inspection to gauge a study variable. Although measurement by observation is most common in qualitative research, it is used to some extent in all types of studies. The researcher must be clear on what is to be observed. The researcher must ensure that each variable is observed in a similar manner in each instance, so much attention must be given to training data collectors, especially when the observations are complex and examined over time. Pilot-testing and assurance of interrater reliability are essential. Observational measurement tends to be more subjective than other types of measurement and is thus often seen as less credible, but in many cases it is the only possible way to obtain important evidence for practice.
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