An analysis of 26 longitudinal studies by Lansford et al. (2012) found that mild spanking was about as effective as other discipline methods that did not use spanking, such as verbal reminders and time-outs. The researchers argued that past results showing an association of spanking with problem behavior in children __________.
A. were correlational and therefore invalid
B. were cross-sectional rather than longitudinal and therefore could not draw conclusions about the outcomes of spanking
C. included some families that used more severe spanking, and it is only in those families that negative outcomes of spanking are found
D. were conducted with mentally ill parents, and the children's poor behavior could have been inherited
Answer: C
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Which statement best explains why humans have attitudes?
a. Attitudes are an evolutionary artifact that were useful a long time ago. b. Attitudes increase the complexity in making decisions. c. Attitudes make it harder for people to adapt and adjust to new situations. d. Attitudes aid humans in making decisions and choices.
According to Jung, a mental storehouse for unconscious ideas and images shared by all humans is called
a. the persona. b. the personal unconscious. c. the collective unconscious. d. the anima.
One component of CBT is:
a. operant conditioning for psychotic symptoms b. learning to express negative emotions c. psychoeducation about psychosis and hallucinations d. explorations of family dynamics
According to Piaget, adolescents are in which stage of cognitive development?
A. Sensorimotor B. Formal operations C. Concrete operations D. Preoperational