Briefly discuss which drugs carry the greatest risk of tolerance, physical dependence, and psychological dependence
What will be an ideal response?
Psychoactive drugs modify mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning.
Narcotics show the high risks of both physical and psychological dependence, and tolerance develops rapidly. Narcotics include heroin, morphine, codeine, Demerol, and methadone; high doses produce an overwhelming sense of euphoria, a "who cares?" quality.
Sedatives show the high risks of both physical and psychological dependence, and tolerance develops rapidly. Sedatives include barbiturates, downers used in higher doses than are prescribed for medical purposes.
Stimulants show the moderate risks for physical dependence and high risks for psychological dependence. Tolerance develops rapidly with stimulants, and this class includes mild drugs such as caffeine and nicotine as well as much stronger drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines. Cocaine and amphetamines have similar effects, except amphetamines last longer. The euphoria created by these drugs is very different from a "who cares?" relaxed state; it is more like an "I can conquer the world," alert state of being.
Hallucinogens show low risks of both physical and psychological dependence, and tolerance to them develops gradually. Hallucinogens such as LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin have similar effects, including producing euphoria, increasing sensory awareness, and distorting the sense of time. These experiences may be pleasant, but they can also produce nightmarish feelings of anxiety and paranoia a bad trip.
Cannabis is the hemp plant from which marijuana, hashish, and THC are derived. Cannabis shows low to moderate risks of psychological dependence, with no risk of physical dependence. Tolerance develops gradually to THC, and the active chemical ingredient causes a mild, relaxed euphoria and enhanced sensory awareness. Unintended effects can be anxiety, sluggish mental functioning, and memory impairment. New research shows that long-term marijuana use may impair some aspects of cognitive functioning even when users are no longer high.
Alcohol is the most widely used psychoactive drug. There is a moderate risk for both physical and psychological dependence, and tolerance develops gradually. When people drink heavily, the effect is a relaxed euphoria that temporarily boosts self-esteem and decreases inhibitions.
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c. cognitive therapy. d. antidepressive therapy.
What is a sample?
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a) humanistic b) biopsychosocial c) learning d) psychodynamic
Which of the following is an example of external attribution rather than internal attribution?
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