Answer the following statements true (T) or false (F)

Question

1. A smoker who claims that the habit is not as dangerous as antismoking messages suggest, saying "My grandmother smokes and she's in her 80s," is attempting to reduce cognitive dissonance. 
2. Gina was pregnant with her first child, and she ordered a beer at lunch. She drank it despite reading the label that said consumption of alcohol during pregnancy has been linked to birth defects. Her actions are likely to cause cognitive dissonance in the other patrons in the restaurant. 
3. Causal attribution is the process of interpreting and understanding one's environment. 
4. The first step of the perception process is selective attention. 

Answer 1

1. TRUE
All cigarette smokers are repeatedly exposed to information that smoking is hazardous to health. But many belittle the habit as not being as risky as the antismoking messages suggest. This is an example of an attempt to reduce cognitive dissonance.
2. FALSE
Cognitive dissonance describes the psychological discomfort a person experiences between his or her cognitive attitude and incompatible behavior. Here, Gina could have experienced cognitive dissonance because she knows about the warning and still drank the beer. The patrons might disapprove but have no inconsistency between their own attitudes and behaviors.
3. FALSE
Perception is the process of interpreting and understanding one's environment.
4. TRUE
The first step of the perception process is selective attention in which you ask, "Did I notice something?"