Describe the basic physiological functions of the kidneys
What will be an ideal response?
The kidneys maintain homeostatic balance in the body through 3 basic functions:
• Filtration: Continuous filtration of blood removes waste products and fluid.
• Electrolyte/pH balance: the kidney plays a crucial role in regulating the blood levels of electrolytes and maintaining physiological pH (via regulating H+ and HCO3- reabsorption/excretion)
• Blood pressure control
- Specialized cells (of the glomerulus) in the kidneys secrete renin to form angiotensin I
- Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II, a powerful vasoconstrictor
- Angiotensin II also stimulates production of aldosterone and control of blood pressure
• Hormone production
- Kidneys produce erythropoietin, a hormone responsible for red blood cell production in bone marrow
- Active form of vitamin D is also produced by the kidneys, allowing calcium to be absorbed
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Two amino acids are chemically joined by a:
a. double bond. b. hydrogen bond. c. carboxyl bond. d. peptide bond.
Water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins differ in which way?
A. Water-soluble vitamins are best absorbed in the presence of dietary fat. B. Fat-soluble vitamins have much less potential for being toxic. C. Water-soluble vitamins are less likely to be toxic. D. Water-soluble vitamins are stored, whereas fat-soluble vitamins are excreted readily.
What cellular structure is responsible for producing ATP for energy?
a. Ribosomes b. Nucleus c. Cytoplasm d. Cell membrane e. Mitochondria
The formal process to instruct or train individuals in a skill to facilitate voluntary adoption of nutrition-related behaviors to improve or maintain health is known as ____
a. nutrition education b. nutrition counseling c. social marketing d. motivational counseling