Which of the following was not given by the U.S. Supreme Court in Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez as a consideration as to whether a law is or is not criminal?
A) Whether the penalty imposed has been viewed as criminal in the past
B) Whether the population considers the action as deserving of criminal punishment
C) Whether the penalty involves a significant restraint on individual freedom
D) Whether the penalty is imposed due to an individual’s intentional wrongdoing
B) Whether the population considers the action as deserving of criminal punishment
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Periodic corruption scandals have plagued ________ major urban police department in the United States.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
Braga et al.'s (1999) evaluation of the effectiveness of problem-oriented policing lacked this feature of experimental design:
a. Mechanism b. Nonspuriousness c. Association d. Time order
Which of the following represents the point at which an investigation becomes an interrogation?
a. when a person requests the presence of an attorney, regardless of his or her status as a suspect in a crime b. when the captain says, “Go” c. when the police have evidence beyond a reasonable doubt who perpetrated a crime d. when the investigation is no longer a general inquiry but has begun to focus on a particular suspect
Most burglars prefer to commit crimes in neighborhoods that contain a greater than usual number of access streets. These neighborhoods are referred to as:
a. accessible neighborhoods b. permeable neighborhoods c. arterial neighborhoods d. open neighborhoods