The stretch receptors in the central portion of the muscle spindle can be activated by
a. passive stretch of the whole muscle, including stretch of the muscle spindle.
b. contraction of the end portions of the muscle spindle.
c. gamma motor neuron stimulation of the muscle spindle.
d. two of these answers.
e. all of these answers.
E
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Which of the following is incorrect pertaining to the esophagus?
A) Typically it joins with the stomach at the T11 level. B) GERD (gastroesophageal reflex disorder) is associated with pyrosis (heartburn). C) Esophageal varices are associated with blockage of the inferior vena cava. D) The esophagus is innervated by the vagal trunks and thoracic sympathetic splanchnic nerves. E) Its abdominal part is typically supplied by the left gastric artery.
What is the significance of the "C-shaped" cartilages that reinforce the tracheal rings?
A) The incomplete portion of the C-shaped cartilages are located at the posterior of the tracheal cartilages, to permit the esophagus to bulge anteriorly into the tracheal lumen in transient fashion to permit a large bolus to pass. B) The open region permits passage of the nerves that stimulate the muscles of the laryngeal region. C) They form a solid cartilaginous tube. D) These cartilages hold the trachea rigidly open at the same diameter at all times. E) None of the answers are correct.
The temporomandibular joint is the only mobile joint between skull bones.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)
Voluntary micturition
A. involves higher brain centers. B. involves control of the internal sphincter. C. is a reflex action. D. is common in infants. E. involves control of smooth muscle.