In GERD, gastric secretions flow upward into the esophagus, damaging the tissues. This is caused by the inability of which of the below to fully close?
a. epiglottis c. pylorus
b. upper esophageal sphincter (UES) d. lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
D
In gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastric secretions flow upward into the esophagus, damaging the tissues. An inability of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to fully close contributes to this condition. Environmental and physical factors contribute to decreased pressure in the LES. Fatty foods, caffeine, nicotine, calcium channel blockers, hiatal hernia, and NSAIDs decrease the tightness of the sphincter.
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The nurse prepares a narcotic analgesic for the client. When the nurse enters the client's room to administer the medication, the client drops the capsule on the floor. Which action by the nurse is the most appropriate?
1. Wipe it off and administer it anyway because it's a narcotic. 2. Throw the pill in the trash can in the client's room and get a replacement. 3. Discard the tablet according to facility policy, with another nurse cosigning the waste, and obtain a new capsule to administer to the client. 4. Discard the tablet according to facility policy, with the unlicensed assistive personnel cosigning the waste, and obtain a new capsule to administer to the client.
In nursing school, the student learns that the nurse should always consider the possible outcomes of any nursing action taken. What ethical concept does this consideration support?
1. Slippery slope arguments 2. Therapeutic jurisprudence 3. Autonomy model 4. Perception model
Parents of an 18-month-old boy tells the nurse that he says "no" to everything and has rapid mood swings. If he is scolded, he shows anger and then immediately wants to be held. What is the nurse's best interpretation of this behavior?
a. This is normal behavior for his age. b. This is unusual behavior for his age. c. He is not effectively coping with stress. d. He is showing he needs more attention.
A patient who has just been diagnosed with RA is experiencing minimal pain and mild symptoms. The primary care NP should consult with a rheumatologist and should recommend:
a. ibuprofen. b. methotrexate. c. acetaminophen. d. herbal remedies.