Which concept of stress should the nurse apply when planning care for the patient with inflammatory bowel disease?
A) Stress may cause increased gastric emptying time.
B) Stress may increase catecholamine production.
C) Stress may reduce sympathetic responsiveness.
D) Stress exacerbates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) response.
B) Stress may increase catecholamine production.
Explanation: A) Stress has been shown to slow gastric emptying and to increase motility of the colon.
B) A state of hypervigilance and increased catecholamine production can contribute to the development of inflammatory bowel disease by increasing motor activity of the colon.
C) The development of a pattern of increased sympathetic responsiveness to stress may play a role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease.
D) A blunted HPA response may be present in individuals with inflammatory bowel disease, contributing to disease by the individual's inability to limit the sympathetic response to stress.
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