Explain the two forces that produce the resting membrane potential.
What will be an ideal response?
Force of diffusion results in ions moving across the cell membrane to areas of low concentration, while electrostatic pressure results in ions being attracted to the side of the cell membrane that carries an opposite charge. At rest, there is a negative charge across the cell membrane because many negatively charged protein anions are trapped inside the cell. Positively charged sodium ions exist in larger concentrations outside the cell membrane but are not able to enter the neuron because the sodium channels are closed, even though both electrostatic pressure and force of diffusion would prompt these ions to enter the neuron. Negatively charged chloride ions exist in greater concentrations outside of the cell membrane and would be repelled from the cell by electrostatic pressure. Positively charged potassium ions exist in greater concentration inside the neuron but do not leave the neuron in large quantities during the resting state because the potassium channels are closed. The sodium-potassium pump also works to maintain the cell's resting membrane potential by returning sodium to the extracellular space and potassium to the intracellular space.
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One main difference between concrete operational thinkers and formal operational thinkers is that ____
a. formal operational thinkers can learn from contemplating their own thoughts. b. formal operational thinkers have powerful problem-solving skills. c. concrete operational learners reflect on the content of their thinking to arrive at new insights. d. concrete operational learners think more about ideas than about things.
__________ validity indicates that a test can be generalized to the rest of the population
a. Face b. External c. Construct d. Internal
Although suspicious of coworkers, people with __________ personality disorder can __________.
A. paranoid; generally maintain employment B. dependent; work in a sheltered setting C. paranoid; have trouble with coworkers and thus have difficulty remaining employed D. obsessive-compulsive; generally work in isolation in highly technical jobs
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies negative reinforcement?
A. Nate no longer arrives late at work following a reprimand from his boss. B. Drake no longer cuts class, now that his parents have confiscated his iPod. C. Maria now buys a different brand of cigarettes to get two packs for the price of one. D. Vanna fastens her seatbelt as soon as she gets in her car to stop the annoying alert sound.