What are the three types of evidence necessary to form a conclusion regarding the results of the bystanders and thieves study? Explain how each form of evidence would be used to draw a conclusion for the example provided.
What will be an ideal response?
First, there must be an agreement between independent and dependent variables. The presence or absence of one must be associated with the presence or absence of the other. The conclusion is based on whether more theft reports occur from lone observers or from paired observers. Second, the time order of occurrence must be considered. The effect must not precede the manipulation. This does not apply in this example because people would not report a crime before observing it occur. Third, researchers must be confident that other extraneous variables did not influence the dependent variable. To do this, researchers control these possible extraneous variables by standardizing the environment in which the experiment takes place. In this example, the store was really a controlled lab with confederates acting as the thief and accosted shopper.
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