A nurse is assessing an older adult's respiratory status. Which of the following are normal age-related changes in the respiratory system? (Select all that apply.)
a. Diminished cough reflex
b. Stiffening of the chest wall
c. Increased resistance to airflow
d. Decreased respiratory rate
e. Loss of elastic recoil
ANS: A, B, C, E
Age-related changes include loss of elastic recoil, stiffening of the chest wall, and increased re-sistance to airflow leading to more effort required for movement of the diaphragm. A diminished cough reflex is a normal age-related change. A decreased respiratory rate is not a normal age-related change.
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