Compare and contrast the Theory X and Theory Y leadership
styles and the new transformational leadership style including the different approaches used by Theory X managers and by Theory Y and transformational managers, and identify the person who developed the leadership style that came to be known as Theory X and the person who coined the Theory X and Y leadership styles.
Indicate whether this statement is true or false.
ANSWER: Answer will include that one of the earliest attempts to improve worker efficiency was made in 1923 by Frederick Taylor, an engineer. To speed up production, Taylor standardized work routines and stressed careful planning, control, and orderliness.
Today, versions of Taylor's approach are called scientific management, or Theory X leadership. Scientific management uses time-and-motion studies, task analysis, job specialization, assembly lines, pay schedules, and the like to increase productivity.
Thus, Theory X leaders are task-oriented rather than person-oriented and tend to assume that people have to be goaded or guided into being productive. They are concerned with work efficiency, or maximum output at lowest cost, and they try to improve work efficiency by changing work schedules, work quotas, and using bonuses. The term Theory X was coined by psychologist Douglas McGregor as a way to distinguish the leadership style associated with scientific management from Theory Y, a newer approach, which emphasizes human relations at work. Theory Y leaders are more concerned with psychological efficiency and are concerned with
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A statement that points out a discrepancy or inconsistency is called a
a. confrontation b. judgment c. reflection d. clarification
If Alex is likely other young adults who have been diagnosed with a psychotic disorder he is at risk for academic, social and occupational functioning over time
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
Ron lost $20 playing the slots in Atlantic City. However, he found $20 on the subway. Even though Ron comes out even in terms of cash, he still feels pretty badly about losing money in the slot machines. In fact, he actually feels neutral about finding the $20 on the subway. Ron's feelings can be explained best by ____
a. ?the gambler's fallacy b. ?expected value c. ?utility d. ?loss aversion