Expectancy and placebo effects
a. likely explain caffeine withdrawal, as individuals are aware that caffeine can cause dependency.
b. do not likely explain caffeine withdrawal, as most of the studies that have documented clinically significant withdrawal from caffeine were double-blind studies.
c. likely explain most of caffeine’s cognitively arousing effects.
d. likely explain most of the behavioral tolerance to caffeine.
e. do not pertain to caffeine, only to highly abused illicit substances.
Answer: B
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