Describe the physical processes that result in the summer and winter stratification in temperate zone
lakes. What causes the mixing in the spring and fall? What are major consequences of the winter
stratification on the biota of the lake? What will be an ideal response?
Concepts to Consider: During the summer, the water above the thermocline is warmer (and less
dense) than the bottom waters, setting up summer stratification; during the cooling in the fall, the
thermocline disappears and the lake will mix from top to bottom; during the winter, the lake cools and
ice may form at the top, effectively insulating the lake from further cooling (organisms living below
the ice experience temperatures ranging from 0 ?C to 4 ?C, but do not freeze); the spring turnover
occurs after the ice melts and mixing again occurs; summer stratification follows.
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