Describe short-term and long-term control measures of blood pressure
What will be an ideal response?
Mean arterial pressure is constantly monitored by baroreceptors (pressure sensors) within the circulatory system. When deviations from normal are detected, multiple reflex responses are initiated to return MAP to its normal value. Short-term (within seconds) adjustments are made by alterations in cardiac output and total peripheral resistance (TPR), mediated by means of autonomic nervous system influences on the heart, veins, and arterioles. Long-term (requiring minutes to days) control involves adjusting total blood volume by restoring normal salt and water balance through mechanisms that regulate urine output and thirst. The size of the total blood volume, in turn, has a profound effect on cardiac output and, thereby, MAP.
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A. Lymphocyte B. Antibody C. Platelet D. Erythrocyte E. Eosinophil
The muscle layer of the heart is the
A) epicardium.
B) myocardium.
C) endocardium.
D) visceral pericardium.
E) parietal pericardium.
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A) right upper; right lower B) left upper; left lower C) right upper; left lower D) right lower; left lower
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A. 200 to 250 B. 100 to 200 C. 250 to 500 D. 50 to 100 E. 20 to 25