The nurse is educating a patient diagnosed with heart failure (HF). The nurse knows that instruction regarding compensatory mechanisms has been effective when the patient states,
1. "My heart enlarged in order to compensate for the effects of heart failure."
2. "My nervous system kicks in to compensate for the effects of heart failure."
3. "My body will decrease blood flow to other organs in order to compensate for heart failure."
4. "My body will increase urine output in order to compensate for the effects of heart failure."
5. "My body will produce anti-inflammatory agents to compensate for heart failure."
Correct Answer: 1,2,3
Rationale 1: Ventricular hypertrophy occurs as a compensatory mechanism to heart failure.
Rationale 2: One of the fastest homeostatic responses to diminished cardiac output is activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). The increased heart rate resulting from sympathetic activation is a normal compensatory mechanism that serves to increase cardiac output.
Rationale 3: When cardiac output in a patient with HF is diminished, blood flow to the kidneys is reduced.
Rationale 4: Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), which is elevated in HF patients, causes fluid retention and worsens this condition.
Rationale 5: Two pro-inflammatory substances, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin, are found in high levels in patients with HF and are associated with a poor prognosis.
You might also like to view...
A nurse works at a weight management clinic. To which of the following overweight patients could the nurse safely administer dextroamphetamine?
A) A 38-year-old Caucasian woman with glaucoma B) A 60-year-old African-American man who experiences angina C) A 48-year-old Caucasian man who has adult-onset diabetes D) A 28-year-old African-American woman with hyperthyroidism
When caring for a client with a chest tube in place, the nurse maintains safety by keeping which items at the client's bedside at all times?
1. Bag and mask with oxygen supply 2. Two rubber-tipped clamps, gauze, and petroleum gauze 3. Emergency phone numbers 4. An extra chest tube of the same size inserted into the client
Why should a qualitative research proposal intended for institutional board review address methods, since methods can be flexible in qualitative research? (Select all that apply.)
a. The committee must be aware of anything that will be done to the participants, including interviewing. b. The committee must adjudge potential harm that emanates from discussion of disturbing topics. c. The committee must be apprised of planned methods at the beginning of the study; researchers must ask for permission if they decide to add anything to the methods while the study is in progress. d. The forms for institutional review include this section, but it isn't really addressed in qualitative research, since there is no intervention, per se. e. The committee must determine the relative risk of accidental disclosure of potentially embarrassing information.
Which of the following two terms belong together?
a. Null hypothesis, one-tailed test b. Directional hypothesis, one-tailed test c. Null hypothesis, two-tailed test d. Directional hypothesis, two-tailed test