Why do the males of many species compete with each other for fertilizing females?

a. Males tend to invest less energy in their offspring than females.
b. Males tend to be more aggressive than females.
c. Mating as much as possible always maximizes an individual's fitness.
d. Female-female competition is absent from species with male-male competi-tion.
e. All of the above.


A

Biology & Microbiology

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