Which one of the following statements most accurately describes Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?
a. Children's cognitive growth should be judged on the basis of their actual developmental level, not on the basis of their level of potential development.
b. Cognitive development progresses through four distinct stages; each stage is characterized by increasingly more complex thought and language.
c. Children progress, in part, by working on difficult tasks with the assistance of more competent individuals.
d. Language and thought, although closely intertwined in the first few years of life, become increasingly distinct entities.
c
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The four needs discussed in the textbook include all of the following EXCEPT
a. acceptance needs. c. physiological needs. b. the need to feel capable. d. the need to feel significant
Three of the following statements reflect developmentally appropriate practice. Which one does not?
a. Look for and build on children's existing talents. b. Work hard to help children acquire more advanced ways of thinking as quickly as possible. c. Keep in mind that the "weaknesses" of children and adolescence may serve a developmental purpose. d. Use the universals of development to form general expectations about children and adolescents, but expect diversity at every turn.
Which one of the following situations best illustrates situated learning?
a. Twelve-year-old Andrew bakes often at home and can easily figure out how much flour he needs when he cuts in half a cookie recipe that calls for 21/4 cups of flour. Yet Andrew has trouble making similar calculations in his math class. b. Ten-year-old Bernita wonders what it would be like to live on a farm rather than in the city. As she sits in class, her mind often wanders to rural locations she has visited only in her dreams. c. Sixteen-year-old Calvin has trouble understanding the process of mitosis when his biology teacher describes it in abstract terms. He still finds the concept difficult when, later, the teacher draws a diagram of the process on the chalkboard. d. Four-year-old Danetta has trouble understanding that her friend Michael has moved to a community more than a thousand miles away. She keeps insisting that Michael must only be a short car ride away and throws a fit when her mother refuses to drive her to Michael's house.
A drug company wants to test the effectiveness of a new flue prevention drug on 500–1000 people. For this
study, a single-subject experimental design would be used. Indicate whether the statement is true or false