As an infant, Josiah never displayed any signs of fear during his several encounters with butterflies. However, a few years later he saw that whenever his father noticed a butterfly, he would act nervous or jittery and often jump with fright. Soon Josiah started to feel afraid of butterflies too. This example best demonstrates which fact about specific phobias?
A. The connections formed in phobias can arise from classical conditioning.
B. Learning can influence the development of phobias through imitation and observation.
C. People do not ordinarily form phobias about harmless objects.
D. Cognitions may influence how one perceives the objects in a specific phobia.
Answer: B
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The essence of exposure therapy is best conveyed by the idiom
a. "the bigger they are, the harder they fall.". b. "actions speak louder than words.". c. "fighting fire with fire.". d. "getting back on the horse that threw you.".
Obtaining additional information as a check on the accuracy of one's perceptions is called
a. perceptual expectancy. b. perceptual set. c. reality testing. d. perceptual verification.
Ronnie knows that if he repeats his dad's grocery list five times while walking to the store, he will remember about half the items he needs to buy. So when studying vocabulary words for his SAT prep course, Ronnie figures if he repeats the words 10 times he will remember almost all of them. How much will Ronnie's recall of the vocabulary improve compared with his recall of the grocery list?
A. Less than 1 percent B. About 10 percent C. Close to 30 percent D. Just over 50 percent
Training a rat to push a lever to escape from an electric shock is an example of
a. aversive punishment. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive reinforcement. d. response cost.