Explain the three "generations" of community policing

Question

What will be an ideal response?

Answer 1

1 . Innovation, roughly from 1979 through 1986, began with the seminal work of Herman Goldstein concerning needed improvement of policing, coupled with the "broken windows" theory by James Wilson and George Kelling. Early concepts of community policing during this generation were often called "experiments," "test sites," and "demonstration projects," and were often restricted to larger metropolitan cities. Foot patrols, problem-solving methods, and community substations were developed.

2 . Diffusion, from 1987 through 1994, saw COPPS spread rapidly among police agencies. The practice of community policing during this generation was still generally limited to large- and medium-size cities. The strategies normally targeted drug use and fear of crime issues while improving police-community relationships. Much more emphasis was placed on evaluating outcomes through the use of appropriate research methodologies.

3 . The third generation, institutionalization, from 1995 to the present, has seen widespread implementation of COPPS across the U.S., while becoming deeply entrenched within the political process, and featuring federal grant monies. The body of literature, and changes in police hiring processes, recruit academies, in-service training, promotional examinations, and strategic plans, has become the norm.